The hormone, estrogen is present in both males and females. While the ovaries and adrenal glands are responsible for the production of this hormone in women, only the latter gland is the source of its production amongst the male species, that too in smaller amounts. Estrogen holds extreme significance for the female reproductive system.

This hormone is cardinal for the regularity of the menstrual cycle and is also of importance towards pregnancy. The hormone is even known to affect one’s temperament. The levels of estrogen tend to naturally decrease during the menopausal phase in a woman’s life. Doctors generally recommend hormone replacement therapy in order to supplement the body with estrogen so as to protect the individual from the ill effects triggered by the hormone’s deficiency.

Medically speaking, there is no set normal level of estrogen. The level of this hormone varies in not only different times of the month in a female but also differs during pregnancy and menopause. The level of estrogen ranges between 50 and 400 picograms per milliliter (pg/ml) in accordance with the specific time of the menstrual cycle or phase of one’s life. The hormone is present in the body in three forms, out of which the primary variant is estradiol. During menstruation, the level of this type of estrogen is approximately 45 pg/ml, whereas it peaks to the level of around 400 pg/ml when ovulation takes place. Once ovulation takes place, the levels decline and then again ascend to approximately 250 pg/ml. The level of estrogen in the body elevates to almost 100 times more than these values during the months of pregnancy with the aim of enhancing the flow of blood towards the uterus and promoting lactation after delivery. The levels of estrogen revert to normal through a sudden decrease after child birth.

Estrogen levels tend to decrease naturally with the onset of menopause; which in turn proves harmful to the bones. The levels may go down to about 10 to 20 mg/pl; whereas 40 to 50 mg/pl of estrogen is required by the body to maintain the health of the bones. In such circumstances, hormone therapy seems to be the only solution to safeguard the body against osteoporosis and the side effects of menopause such as hot flashes. Studies showcase that estrogen when present in the body in extremely low or high proportions leads to several health disorders. While high levels of the hormone can result in PMS, polycystic ovarian syndrome, amenorrhea, breast and ovarian cancer; low levels are known to be a cause of osteoporosis, miscarriages and birth defects

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